Social Security College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Social Security College - Essay Example Economic Security in America, para. 2). One of the first Americans to propose a system of economic security for U.S citizens was Thomas Payne in his 1795 writing titled "Agrarian Justice". It provided sums for citizens reaching the age of 21 and then a yearly payment to those reaching 50. Payne's idea was to pay for it by means of a property inheritance tax. In 1862, a Civil War pension program was enacted. "Following the Civil War, there were hundreds of thousands of widows and orphans, and hundreds of thousands of disabled veterans. In fact, immediately following the Civil War a much higher proportion of the population was disabled or survivors of deceased breadwinners than at any time in America's history. This led to the development of a generous pension program, with interesting similarities to later developments in Social Security" (DeWitt, sect. Civil War Pensions, para. 1). The program evolved, starting with benefits only to those disabled in combat or to their surviving families. As time passed, veterans disabled for any reason could receive payments. After that, aged veterans were added. Later, disability and old age benefits were extended to include family members. Former Confederate soldiers were not allowed any benefits. The last payments to surviving widows of Civil War veterans were made in 1999. With the advent of the Industrial Age a... State Old-Age Pensions, para.1). Prior to the passage of the original Social Security Act in 1935, thirty states had adopted some form of old-age pension plan. Only about 3% of the elderly were actually collecting benefits under the state plans. There was lack of implementation of the laws. The plans allowed insufficient funds. The elderly faced restrictive plan entry rules. The receipt of benefits was stigmatized as "welfare". Throughout the early 1930's and spurred by the Great Depression, movements arose that advocated a federal old-age pension system. Huey Long, Governor of Louisiana, proposed the "Share Our Wealth" plan in which the rich would pay for the poor and the aged. Francis Townsend devised the "Townsend Old-Age Revolving Pension Plan". It proposed that all upstanding citizens over 60 receive a monthly benefit that must be spent within the U.S. and within 30 days. There were numerous plans proposed from every direction during those years, some of them of questionable economic merit like Robert Noble's "Ham & Eggs" plan. It suggested that states should issue a currency to be called "scrip" to the unemployed and aged. The validity of the currency and by what economic backing it would be issued were very hazy indeed. Still, it was part of the social movement demanding the creation of a form of economic security for the masses. Most of the plans had benefits that were based on economic need. When Franklin Roosevelt became President in 1932, he changed the face of the economic security discussion from welfare to social insurance. He proposed "a work-related, contributory system in which workers would provide for their own future economic security through taxes paid while

Managerial Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managerial Economics - Essay Example ple in 1977 approximate 48 computers were exported by computer manufacturing firms into various destination, while in 2001, one hundred and twenty five million computers were shipped. In the year 2002, the computer usage increased by a figure of five hindered million (Cetnews, 2002). According to data report on Bloomberg by Ricadela, 2013, the shipment of computers decline globally by 14 percent. However, this trend has changed over the recent times. Research data indicates that approximate one billion personal computers were shipped globally between 2001 and 2002. Whereby, out of those computer70 percent were meant to be utilized in business while twenty five percent were to be used in homes for personal use. Additionally, out of all those computers shipped between these periods, approximate 82 percent were desk top while sixteen percent were laptops (Cetnews, 2002). The table below indicates the year and the computer the numbers of computer shipment. Year Numbers of Personal comput er shipments 1977 48000 2000 125,000,000 2002 500,000,000 Source: (Cetnews, 2002) It can be scrutinized that computers shipment has been increasing as types elapse. This is because computer manufactures have came up with creative and innovative techniques of manufacturing different brands of computer that not only meat market demand but also meat the needs of different users ranging from personal use, business use, corporate uses among other applications (Displaysearch,2008). The table below displays various percentages of computer brands shipped into various destinations. Source: Jeremy Reimer, 2009 Computer Brands % of Computer shipment Dell 2.8% HP 5.8% Kohjinsha 1% Acer 38.3% Medion 3% Asus 30.3% Intel 1% MSI 5.7% Lenovo 0.7% Toshiba 0.5% Source: (Displaysearch, 2008) Therefore,...Managerial economics provides managers with efficient tool understand and techniques for making managerial decisions. The interaction of consumers and producers can be easily understood via managerial economics berceuse it integrate the aspects of micro and macro economics when making analysis of factors that causes changes in demand and supply of commodities. Therefore, it can be scrutinized that numerous factors contributed to an increase in demand for computer in a free market. Whereby, a free market involves a market that is free from government intervention. Commodity prices in this market are determined by market forces (demand and supply). A decrease in computer prices led to a decrease in demand because more suppliers are willing to supply computers at higher prices in order to make higher returns. Additionally, computer prices were falling despite higher returns because of some factors affecting demand such as availability of substitutes, increase in number of computer suppliers to mention just but a few. However, this may not always be the case because some shift factors may have an impacted on demand and supply of computers. Additionally, graphs and data have been utilized to analyze the reason why computers prices remained low despite having a higher demand. Some shift factors were found to cause computer prices to fall despite having a higher demand. Among the factors include; technological changes, availability of substitutes, decline in cost of manufacturing computers.