Sunday, May 31, 2020

Useful Tips On How to Write a Research Paper

How to Write a Research Paper Research papers are the bread and butter of the academia. From them new ideas spring forth, offering breakthroughs and innovations that could help shape the world for the better. . . or not. Even if youre not an academic or a professional researcher, there will be times when research papers will be expected of you. This may be in a school (especially when youre a student) or a work setting, where you will be required to put into formalized writing your thoughts, analysis, arguments, and perspectives about a particular subject. There is no universal template or guideline for writing research papers. A professor might limit you to a certain number of pages and words or give you a certain format to follow, but in some cases, you might be given free rein on how you will present your research. The whole writing process can be a bit daunting, but fear not, even those who write papers for a living still have problems on how to go about the research paper writing process. Here are some of th e things that you need to know about before starting: 1. Be Extremely Specific With Your Topic Take on such a wide-ranging subject as The Importance of Human Ecology and theres bound to be someone out there who had already written about the subject before you. Your research paper should add something new to the field- it should not be a collection of other peoples perspectives and arguments. What specific aspect of human ecology do you want to focus on? Instead of The Importance of Human Ecology you might want to narrow it down to Human Ecology in the Victorian Era or any other timeframe or location that you can think of. The more specific it is, the better. 2. Start With Your Thesis Your thesis should be something that can be summarized in just one sentence alone. This is your belief, your point, that you will try to prove (using academic and scientific sources) in your research paper. It will also act as a guideline for your writing. When in doubt about a particular sentence, you could ask yourself- Does this support the point that Im making? Will this sentence prop up my thesis and make it clearer? If it doesnt and is merely fluff (as what usually happens with students trying to meet word counts), then cut it out. 3. Make Sure That Your Sources Are Legit Your sources should not come from tabloids and random blog posts on the Internet. Even if you do cite online sources, make sure that these came from online  reference  databases (eLibrary, ProQuest, etcetera), government publications, trusted magazines and newspapers, and academic websites. Stuck on your research paper? Our professional writers can help you. Ask us write my research paper for me and  get a brilliant paper on time. 4. Be Objective A research paper is not an opinion piece. To get your point across, you need to be as impartial as you could possibly be. Here are some tips to avoid bias in your writing: Always use credible sources. Random blog posts is a no-no. Scholarly journals and articles are often youre best bet, and websites with domains like .edu, .gov, and .org. Evaluation is the key here. READ your sources before you include them in your research. Cut out first- and second-person pronouns. It is understood that the research paper is written by you and everything that is not cited or attributed to another source is yours and yours alone. Theres no need to mention I or me or mine in there. Second-person pronouns (i.e. you) are too informal and have no place in a formal and academic research paper. Explore every side of the argument. A research paper should be balanced. If there exist thoughts and arguments that are counter to your own, put them in, explain them thoroughly and refute them using supporting evidence. This is where your logic skills come into play. You need to make the reader understand why your point is more logical and stronger than others. Connect with a professional writer in 5 simple steps. Start now Please provide as many details about your writingstruggle as possible. Next What's the area of study of your paper? English Business and Entrepreneurship Nursing History African-American Studies Accounting Anthropology Architecture Art, Theatre and Film Biology Business and Entrepreneurship Chemistry Communication Strategies Computer Science Criminology Economics Education English Engineering Environmental Issues Ethics Finance Geography Healthcare History International and Public Relations Law and Legal Issues Linguistics Literature Management Marketing Mathematics Music Nursing Nutrition Other Philosophy Physics Political Science Psychology Religion and Theology Sociology Sport Technology Tourism Next How many pages do you need? Next When is it due? 01 AM 02 AM 03 AM 04 AM 05 AM 06 AM 07 AM 08 AM 09 AM 10 AM 11 AM 12 AM 01 PM 02 PM 03 PM 04 PM 05 PM 06 PM 07 PM 08 PM 09 PM 10 PM 11 PM 12 PM Next What's your e-mail? Next Done!

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

Writing Political Economy Essays

Composing Political Economy EssaysIf you are intending to compose a political economy exposition, you will be required to diagram your subject and compose an amazing contention. With a little exertion, you can introduce a solid contention and stand apart among the crowd.Before, such papers were not simple to compose. There was no blueprint that helped one compose an exposition about financial aspects. Today, you can without much of a stretch compose a paper that will dazzle your educator and it will catch the eye of the readers.Most of the understudies don't feel that they have the ability to compose an exposition on a particular subject. One thing that they ought to recollect is that such papers won't be fruitful on the off chance that they don't have anything to state. In the event that you are not spurred to compose an exposition, at that point you ought to go for a subject that you are knowledgeable with.The significant worry of the scholars during the past was that they just exa mined different themes. This prompted the composition of a feeble exposition. Today, there are online devices that can get you out recorded as a hard copy such papers. These instruments can direct you to a splendid paper that can catch the eye of the reader.One thing that you ought to consider is that there is no reason for simply tossing your exposition together. You should initially plunk down and break down what the peruser would need to peruse out. After you have examined and composed an exposition about a specific theme, you should then return and re-compose it with the goal that it is very well organized.You should then ensure that you are not writing in a dry way. So as to stay fascinating, you ought to examine a few viewpoints inside and out. Hence, ensure that you remember the absolute most fascinating viewpoints for your paper. Ensure that you incorporate numerous realities that would make the peruser look into the subject. The significance of utilizing models in your expo sition is additionally critical. More often than not, understudies give more significance to the hypothesis than they never really practice. In any case, while talking about an issue, one needs to utilize models so as to make the point understood. Along these lines, ensure that you use models regularly in your essay.Paragraphs assume a significant job in the article. Along these lines, you ought to consistently remember a couple of passages for your paper. Try not to make the perusers stand by excessively long. Along these lines, they will get an opportunity to ingest all the significant focuses.

Sunday, May 24, 2020

Warning Signs on Essay Topics for High School Students You Need to Be Aware Of

<h1> Warning Signs on Essay Topics for High School Students You Need to Be Aware Of </h1> <h2> The Basic Facts of Essay Topics for High School Students</h2> <p>Teachers ought not be allowed to contact understudies through long range informal communication. The instructors don't generally allot the particular subject. Understudies should be allowed to ask in school. They ought to have the option to leave school for lunch. </p> <h2>The Benefits of Essay Topics for High School Students </h2> <p>When it has to do with the center school, the pugnacious article fuses moderate themes. Composing a secondary school exposition in the event that you have the tips about how to do paper successfully. On the off chance that your article isn't a creative account, remember to do a little research on the point before you start pushing your pen on the paper. Composing an incredible article may be a touch of cake in case you're feeling motivated. &l t;/p> <p>Social organizing remarks ought to be monitored by free discourse. On account of the right determination of introduction style and an intensive comprehension of the objectives you have to achieve in your exposition, there are a lot of classifications paper topics might be broken into. A postulation must be doubtful like in a factious or convincing article to make the perusers wish to discuss. </p> <h2> Why Almost Everything You've Learned About Essay Topics for High School Students Is Wrong</h2> <p>High school is the absolute best time to work on conveying an influential discourse, and hence don't pass up on the opportunity to figure out how to convey a powerful discourse. You can pick any nation that is at war with an alternate one, tending to the residents to loathe residents from another country. It is desirable over experience childhood in a family with a ton of siblings and sisters. The best technique to improve composing abilities is by method o f customary practice. </p> <p>Over the earlier decades, the cost of reading material has fundamentally expanded. Numerous understudies take a lot of time examining on the perfect point they'd pick for their paper composing. Exposition designs in a split second offer a paper structure, they shield you from neglecting to consolidate any basic focuses, and they shield you from losing your way as you compose. An article plan doesn't need to be a tremendous thing. </p> <h2> The Essay Topics for High School Students Cover Up</h2> <p>Another smart thought is to get some totally free exposition instances of various types and on different subjects to locate a general thought of the manner by which a flourishing easy to refute paper looks. So guarantee you select a subject, which has values in it. You just need to gain an assortment of the best possible subject you would want. Notwithstanding the reality there are numerous secondary school exposition themes one would pick, it may take her or him a long time because of vulnerability. </p> <p>For the situation when you can't choose what things to convey in your discourse, we've made a rundown of subjects that you may discover supportive. Whatever subject you must expound on, it is significant to consider whether there is adequate data accessible and whether you're ready to give sufficient understanding into this issue. When you pick a point, you should answer to the question and after that prove your reaction with at least three inspirations concerning why you think that way. After you have the point, answer the inquiry and after that help your answer with at least three clarifications for why you trust it. </p> <p>Getting entrance into your favored secondary school may be your deepest longing. All year school is certainly not a smart thought. Blended hand to hand fighting should be prohibited. </p> <p>College is for a high level of study. School ought to occur in the nights. Schools ought to kill class extends as they are pointless. </p> <h2> The Pain of Essay Topics for High School Students</h2> <p>As an outcome, you lean toward doing your articles without anyone else. You may keep on saving your pugnacious expositions for your up and coming occupation portfolio in the event that they're exceptionally evaluated. After you have picked a point, direct research. Therefore, you may need to search for good themes for secondary school inquire about papers on the web. </p> <p>High-stakes state testing should be annulled. Pick the one that you need in accordance with the order and time you have for executing the undertaking. Your secondary school inquire about themes must be engaged and compact, along with intriguing, yet likewise wide in their own one of a kind way so you can find enough information to reinforce your proposal. The primary obj ective is to portray different authoritative examples. </p> <p>It's a smart thought to get articles from specialists who do their absolute best to verify that the quality is all up to norm. Hence, you shouldn't hold up until client care will connect with your author and you'll get a reaction. Peruse some general data on the main two or three decisions you made. It is conceivable to likewise acquire master help at a little sticker price. </p>

Saturday, May 23, 2020

Citations in College

<h1>Citations in College</h1><p>I think the best answer for refering to a postulation or paper for an understudy is the utilization of what's acceptable while referencing. On the off chance that you are attempting to refer to a paper, or postulation in school, it isn't acceptable on the off chance that you read it off of the telephone directory or flip through a course book. For what reason do I say this? Let me explain...</p><p></p><p>When you are composing your proposition or paper, your brain will meander. I have really observed educators composing postulations that take over a month to compose! A few educators even permit understudies to do their own presents and representations! I am certain you can envision the measure of time you spend attempting to take a gander at your paper while in class!</p><p></p><p>The beneficial thing about utilizing's acceptable while referencing that it removes all the messiness that g oes with concentrating in a course reading and nearly expels you from it totally. You can even now peruse and compose on your postulation as you would regularly, and obviously, you despite everything have your notes and assignments, yet everything will be dense to one, extraordinary reference.</p><p></p><p>Also, this is something beneficial for you, since you are compelled to concentrate hard on your paper. This is the main way you can truly show the world what you have written in the paper.</p><p></p><p>Finally, this is an incredible thing for your teacher. They don't need to be diverted or stressed over taking a gander at their notes, so they can simply concentrate on the genuine research that is being finished. For a superior comprehension of what your educator is perusing, references can be great!</p><p></p><p>For different essayists, the reference issue may be a touch of befuddling. In any case, there are a few different ways to make this reference procedure simpler for you.</p><p></p><p>So, it appears that refering to a theory or exposition in school can really be something to be thankful for. Attempt it! Feel free to think of certain references for your proposition or exposition, and perceive how much simpler it is to read!</p>

Monday, May 18, 2020

Colonial Latin America Research Paper Topics

<h1>Colonial Latin America Research Paper Topics</h1><p>Colonial Latin America examine paper subjects allow you to investigate the historical backdrop of the United States and its Caribbean neighbors. You can investigate why these nations grew, how they changed, and what are the similitudes and contrasts between them.</p><p></p><p>This is an intriguing territory for specialists to consider. The inquiries that can be replied by research can be extremely significant and supportive in understanding the advancement of American culture and the US and Caribbean economies. These two zones of study go inseparably while considering this topic.</p><p></p><p>It can be a significant test to expound on it in undergrads who are less acquainted with this zone. Numerous first time essayists feel that subjects like this are unreasonably muddled for them. In any case, truly they need to comprehend the ideas that the theme requires to co mpletely comprehend it.</p><p></p><p>One of the most widely recognized subjects of frontier Latin America investigate paper points is the way expansionism influenced the advancement of the new nation. We as a whole realize that the US and other European nations created after colonization in these locales. Be that as it may, I'm not catching this' meaning for the individuals who lived in these nations? How could they get by without their very own level and how could they oversee without solid instruction system?</p><p></p><p>Colonial Latin America look into paper points will investigate these inquiries just as how they created. A couple of instances of such subjects remember why there was an absence of schools for certain regions and furthermore how individuals in those regions had the option to build up their aptitudes so rapidly. These issues can be concentrated in detail utilizing themes that attention on these subjects. So you can i nvestigate questions like this.</p><p></p><p>Sometimes it is hard to track down research subjects on provincial Latin America. This is on the grounds that there is definitely not a wide assortment of points. Provincial Latin America investigate paper subjects are made from various speculations that depict how these nations developed.</p><p></p><p>These are acceptable points to utilize in light of the fact that they are explicitly custom fitted to your objective. For instance, on the off chance that you need to know why the US received numerous new thoughts, at that point there are subjects that clarify this. Themes for this reason for existing are not confused and will give you a strong comprehension of the improvement of the US and Caribbean economies.</p><p></p><p>Colonial Latin America inquire about paper points likewise give an incredible chance to be innovative and investigate ideas that you have never thou ght of. However, it is imperative to ensure that the theme that you use for this sort of research is firmly identified with your goal. In the event that it isn't, at that point you may wind up experiencing difficulty building up your insight in this area.</p>

Friday, May 15, 2020

Textual Analysis Essay Samples: Choosing the Right Ones

<h1>Textual Analysis Essay Samples: Choosing the Right Ones</h1><p>Textual investigation exposition tests are offered by experts who lead literary examination tests so as to assess competitors' composing capacities. People who are planning to establish a connection with their separate businesses should ensure that they set aside the effort to peruse the accompanying three instances of content investigation paper tests to perceive how they can improve their odds for success.</p><p></p><p>The first model from this example contains an outline of the social contrasts between the United States and Canada. At the point when one looks at the two nations, there are numerous likenesses, however there are likewise a great deal of contrasts. This model examines the distinctions in political qualities and the historical backdrop of our country's two establishing standards. Understudies will have the option to see the first administration of the United St ates and find out about our disparities when contrasting Canada with the United States.</p><p></p><p>The second model tends to political perspectives and the social impacts that impact people. It talks about why a few understudies choose to help political philosophies while others don't. Understudies will have the option to take a gander at a couple of insights from various political points of view to hear a superior comprehension of the thoughts that they hold. They will likewise have the option to look at the open strategies of every nation so as to show signs of improvement thought of what causes those differences.</p><p></p><p>The third model analyzes what causes social contrasts. Understudies will look at the predominance of Spanish in the United States, which has brought about numerous distinctions in conduct and assessments from those that are bilingual. They will have the option to analyze the distinctions in conduct and suppos itions that have come about because of their insight into an alternate language.</p><p></p><p>The first of the three content investigation test contains an examination of every nation's political framework. The governmental issues of every nation is dissected with the investigation of protected subtleties, decisions, authoritative systems, and the administration when all is said in done. Understudies will have the option to figure out how the American government functions so as to all the more likely comprehend the contemplations of their political leaders.</p><p></p><p>The second content examination test contains two expositions from articles expounded on a theme that could be viewed as disputable or strange. Understudies will have the option to survey a wide range of focuses in each article to show signs of improvement comprehension of the conversation that happens during the paper. The two models incorporate the paper that is entitl ed 'Where Did The Mind Of America Get Its Tips?'</p><p></p><p>The third content examination test contains a few papers expounded on a questionable subject. Understudies will have the option to look at the general assessment of those expounding on the point by investigating the various conclusions introduced all through the article. These are two examples that show how understudies can grow their perspective on the world when they analyze the perspectives of others. By perusing content examination article tests that show the contrasts between a wide range of nations, understudies will have the option to more readily comprehend the likenesses and contrasts in their own sentiments and their own viewpoint on the point at hand.</p><p></p><p>The models that follow every one of the two passages from the content investigation test contains fundamentally the same as substance, so all things considered, each of the three sections were composed b y a similar person. Content investigation paper tests are an incredible method to contemplate and find out about explicit themes. In the event that one doesn't feel that they would have the option to dissect the writings of the articles that they got in their tests, they should set aside the effort to investigate the models and get familiar with how to perform printed examination tests so as to capitalize on their time in college.</p>

Monday, May 11, 2020

The Most Popular Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay

<h1> The Most Popular Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay</h1> <p>The end is trailed by the reference page which incorporates the reference list and is placed in its page called the reference page. Compose a concise review of every last one of the focuses you need to accentuate. A magnificent spread page can cause your work to show up progressively proficient. Shockingly enough, there's no cover sheet for each event. </p> <p>The spread is made pleasantly. The cover sheet should be completely mistake free. It is basically the substance of the whole work. YOur spread page is about prepared. </p> <h2> Things You Won't Like About Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay and Things You Will </h2> <p>The covers offer placeholder components that comprise a spread page in different formats. Before you start making your spread, make sure to do it in a new report. Altering a pre-designed spread page is a cut of cake. Making custom spread pages for your record is really straightforward when you know the best spot to look.</p> <h2>A History of Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay Refuted </h2> <p>If you need, I can flexibly you with current examples of my work. Be sure to tailor any examples you use to facilitate with your own experience and the activity for which you're applying. While it might appear to be dull, you generally should tweak each letter to fit the specific occupation for which you're applying. Notwithstanding what designing track you're on, your introductory letter should feature critical thinking aptitudes and the capacity to fulfill quality standards.</p> <h2> New Step by Step Roadmap for Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay</h2> <p>For case, an introductory letter is an exceptional spot to talk about a lifelong move or perhaps to clarify a long hole in business. The entire work should be twofold dispersed. Regardless of whether you're simply beginning your vocation for a bookkeeper or are attempting to locate a senior position, we have an example that can assist you with fitting your own introductory letter. Clarify that you're applying for work and need to deal with your introductory letter to the best possible person. </p> <p>There's an amazing choice to choose from. Some are picture substantial while some are negligible in configuration giving you a reasonable choice to pick from. You can undoubtedly make a redid spread to facilitate with your association framework and produce a successful arrangement of covers. At that point select the shading subject that you might want. </p> <h2>The Key to Successful Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay </h2> <p>For work in land, you should feature your qualification to market to forthcoming property holders notwithstanding your drive to arrive at deals quantities. Presently, you should simply drag the lessen fringe to the base of the page, and ta-da! Now and again, the best strategy to learn and see new data is through observing and understanding work which is now finished. Feel free to embed whichever properties you wish to show up on your cover sheet. </p> <h2>Whatever They Told You About Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay Is Dead Wrong...And Here's Why </h2> <p>A solid introductory letter can make your application stick out from the group. It tends to be valuable to print a copy of your introductory letter and alter it utilizing a pen close by. At the point when you transfer your spread, you can pick to give your own standardized identification. In addition, you may download our made high magnificent format without paying any charges. </p> <h2>Where to Find Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay </h2> <p>The header contrasts and microsoft word won't permit various assortments of headers in 1 record. Surely, it's extremely disheartening not to locate the greatest grade just for utilizing the off base text style or dividing in your exposition spread page. </p> <p>Citation for every basic truth is provided, if not it is viewed as literary theft that is an extreme offense. You will likewise get a complimentary layout, completely free organizing, thoroughly free reference index page, boundless free updates and a totally free literary theft report. You additionally need to put a thorough reference in the end of the work, at the catalog page. 2 For instance, the cover sheet of this paper doesn't have a page number, however. </p> <h2>The Honest to Goodness Truth on Samples of a Cover Page for an Essay </h2> <p>Bridget's paper is very solid, however there keep on being a couple seemingly insignificant details that could be improved. You may likewise spread your spread across web based life to draw consideration for your actual book discharge. Electronic theory team site. </p> <p>If you're sending precisely the same exposition to a few schools, the introductory letter is an opportunity to tailor the article to the organization to which you're applying. It essentially includes a review of the chief purposes of the article in various words. Remember that Chicago exposition cover sheet is regularly less successive in the scholastic air. </p>

Friday, May 8, 2020

Common App Essay Examples

Common App Essay ExamplesSome Common App Essay Examples include Age Appropriate Text, Information Discussed in the Classroom, Message on Banners, Opinion Polls, Service Aspects, Student Creativity, Survey, and the most discussed of all - the First Essay. If you want to know what your school will be using for Common App Essay examples this is the article for you.The most well-known Common App essay sample is the age-appropriate text. This is probably the one that people are familiar with and have seen many times. Students write essays about their experiences in school and discuss why they think a certain topic is important. They also can discuss what they are going to do to make it better in that subject area and how their life has changed since they entered school.Don't overlook the opinion polls either. These are great for getting students to write about how they feel about a subject or what they would do if they had to do something different. You can create these as an essay or a u nit. In the opinion poll that gets the most attention is an example of the objective survey.Another common example for Common App essay samples is the message on banners. The purpose of this Common App essay example is to talk about a single message on a banner that students put up in their school. They have to fill out a questionnaire after their banner is up to find out what message they want to see there. One student can choose a message to use and then everyone else can put their own message on that banner.Student Creativity is another very popular Common App essay samples. There are a lot of different examples of this one. The question for students is to write about how their creative activities or things they have been involved in outside of school have changed over the years.The last one that has a lot of controversy about it is the opinion survey. Students usually do these in class, but they can also be done in writing or just asked at the end of class. This type of essay us ually comes from a website that allows students to post their opinions on a wide variety of topics.Common App Essay samples can be used in many ways by the schools that require them. They can be used to train teachers to do certain things or to keep records of student opinion and input. Most schools do not allow students to take public opinion surveys so there are really no other good reasons for writing these types of essays. It is up to you whether you go through the effort of writing these essays or whether you just use the sample examples that are available to you.Even though Common App Essay examples can be used in many ways it is still a good idea to get the opinion of the teacher before doing it. The teacher will be able to look at the examples and decide whether or not it will be appropriate to teach the topic. You can get ideas about the types of topics that teachers have the most difficulty teaching on by looking at some of the examples you find online.

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Anarchist Challenge A Theory Of Society Without Any...

What is the anarchist challenge? Anarchism is defined as â€Å"a theory of society without any established authority† at any level, a state where man has absolute freedom and his autonomy assured. The anarchist challenge is clearly put by Wolff â€Å"The defining mark of the state is authority, the right to rule. The primary obligation of man is autonomy, the refusal to be ruled. It would seem, then, that there can be no resolution of the conflict between the autonomy of the individual and the putative authority of the state. (1970 p10). If man agrees to be part of a state, the anarchist argues that their freedom to be autonomous is undermined. In any form of government, autonomy and authority are simply mismatched. Authority is â€Å"the right to command, and correlatively, the right to be obeyed† (Woolfe 1970 p. 4), If we accept the authority of the state, then we are accepting that we do not have rights of freedom and are therefore giving up our independence. The an archist will not conform to the authority of government nor recognise the state. Can the social contract as devised by either Thomas Hobbes or John Locke provide the answer. I would argue that neither Hobbes nor Locke, provide a complete answer, but Locke is closest. Hobbes advocates a dictator or Leviathan to control the state and ensure laws. Locke recognises that man is entitled to freedom but needs a sovereign power to ensure that there are no violations of man’s property by another. However, he argues that absoluteShow MoreRelatedLiberal Perspective of a State7979 Words   |  32 Pagesliberalism, which became popular in the twentieth century. Liberalism first became a powerful force in the Age of Enlightenment, rejecting several foundational assumptions that dominated most of the earlier theories of government, such as hereditary status, established religion, absolute monarchy, and the Divine Right of Kings. The early liberal thinker John Locke, who is often credited for the creation of liberalism as a distinct philosophical tradition, employed the concept of naturalRead MoreDance Music and Moral Panic3609 Words   |  15 Pages1980s led to the media amplification and misunderstanding regarding issues surrounding drug misuse as well as the creation of a moral panic in mainstream society. In this assignment an examination of this aforementioned misunderstanding and the connection between musical genres, subculture and labelling will be discussed in relation to Cohen’s theory regarding moral panics. An examination of two differentiating genres of music and culture will be given to assess the relevan ce of Cohen’s ontologicalRead MoreTerrorism in India4478 Words   |  18 Pagesyears later. Terrorism has today become the latest threat to world peace and particularly to Indian’s national security. 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This article also discusses topics such as the role of emotions and vision, as well as leadership effectiveness and performance, leadership in different contexts, how it may differ from related concepts (i.e., management)Read MoreCo Operative Society5798 Words   |  24 PagesWhat Is a cooperative society ? A cooperative (also co-operative or co-op) is a business organization owned and operated by a group of individuals for their mutual benefit.[1] A cooperative is defined by the International Cooperative Alliances Statement on the Cooperative Identity as an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social, and cultural needs and aspirations through jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise.[2] A cooperative mayRead MoreLiterature and Politics the Impact of Dostoevsky9582 Words   |  39 Pagesquotidian views, it seems unwise to reject without further examination the proposition that a writer as stimulating, widely read, and politically oriented as Dostoevsky may still exert an influence on political attitudes, particularly in his native land. In considering the impact of Dostoevsky on political thought (both theoretical and practical), three related but separable questions come to mind. (1) Is it possible to define Dostoevskys pol itical philosophy without subjective leaps of inference? (He was

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Nissan free essay sample

Rescuing Nissan from Crisis Running a business successfully can be difficult if we do not know how to manage the entire company. When it is a small business, it is relatively easier to find the problems, and the earlier the problems were found, the easier to fix them. However, when it comes to a big company, it becomes harder to see problems because they usually take time to rise to the surface. Therefore, by the time we find out what is wrong, it can be too late to fix them. The company can lose a lot of money, and at the worst, it can go bankrupt. Nissan, which is the third largest car anufacturing company in Japan, was about going bankrupt in 1999. Nissan once sold one-third of all vehicles in Japan, and in 1975s foreign automakers regarded Nissan as No. l imported car in North America (Magee, 44). However, its debt has risen up to $22 billion in 1999. In fact, Nissans domestic market share, which peaked at 34 percent in 1974, declined to below 19 percent in 1999. Nissans global market share declined from 6. 6 percent in 1991 to 4. 9 percent in 1999, eight-year period in which the company had Just one profitable year (Magee, 44). How could uch a successful company, which has been in car industry for over 73 years, become to be about bankrupt? And, how could Nissan revive? In 1999, Nissan seemed that they only had a few choices to survive, either get help from the Japanese government or get help from foreign automakers. In 1999 Nissan chose to Join hands with a foreign company, Renault, which had first lost 1 billion in ten years in 1996, and was about to divested the majority ownership by the French government (Magee, 32). This didnt seem to be a good candidate for Nissan for alliance. Although the alliance between Nissan and Renault seemed that Nissan was aking useless effort, the alliance actually has been successful, because a man, now President and CEO of Nissan, has been playing a big role in Nissan revival restoring confidence in the company, hope, and profit. The alliance between Nissan and Renault appeared to be meaningless because Renault did not seem to be the proper company to rescue Nissan. Even though Renault reported deficit of 12. billion in 1984, and became profitable again by 1997 after Ghosn was in charge, no one thought that Renault could help Nissan (Magee, 34). Since Nissan was negotiating with Daimler Chrysler and also Ford, which two ompanies were much larger companies therefore had more resources to rescue Nissan, Renault even looked powerless and unsuitable for company to ally with (Magee 37). In fact, when Renault purchased 35 percent of equity stake, which resulted in injecti ng $35 billion to get some control of Nissan it was clear that it was not enough to cover $22 billion deficit at all (http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/renault). Even after Renault invested more, the debt amounted to more than $11 billion (Harvard Business Review, Carlos Ghosn 38). Yet, while people regarded the alliance between Nissan and Renault meaningless, both companies had different points of iews from others. The alliance between Nissan and Renault actually was beneficial for both companies since the capability of two companies were complemental. Nissan had Therefore, Ghosn assumed that Nissans problems were in management. On the other hand, Renault was known for its innovative design. In addition, Renault wanted to advance on outside of Europe, so that it made more sense to unite with Nissan than to unite with European companies. Furthermore, Renault was afraid of putting the company in a position where they could lose the majority of control over company f they would unite with other bigger and stronger companies (Magee, 36). In short, ones weakness was ones strength and vice versa. Eventually, after one year of negotiation, and Daimler Chrysler pulled out of negotiation on March 11, 1999, only choice left for Nissan was Renault. Schweitzer, CEO of Renault, and Hanawa, CEO of Nissan signed the paper on March 27, 1999, when Nissans bonds status was about to be reduced to Junk bonds (Magee, 41). This was how much Nissan was in danger. However, Schweitzer did not try to take over Nissan like Daimler Chrysler tried to do; herefore, consequently the alliance failed, rather he tried to keep both companys identities. Moreover, instead of expecting profits from merge right away, he expected the favor to be returned in the future when Nissan would become profitable again. The fact that Renault had leaned from the fail of merger between Volvo also led the alliance to be successful (Magee, 42). It was in March of 1999 when Carlos Ghosn was asked by Lois Schweitzer to go Japan for Nissan revival. Carlos Ghosn was natural candidate when we consider what he had done in his career. He is the CEO of Michelin and is also Executive Vice President and CEO in Renault (www. kantei. go. Jp/Jp/m. magzine/). Ghosn was assigned to be Nissans chief operating officer in 1999, which all final decision was his. Ghosn says It is different when you are the one making the final decision (Magee, 10). At this point, he had to face two challenges. One was the business challenge and the cultural challenge was the other because Japanese business culture tends to be shut to outsiders. Since Nissans problems seemed to be in management, the massive change was indispensable. However, how did Ghosn initiate to reform such a huge company? It is important to start from nothing when one tries to make changes in a foreign company. When Ghosn arrived in Nissan, he didnt come with the solutions. He only had general ideas of how deep the Nissan was in danger. He strongly believed that it was important to abandon the mind of any preconceived notions and ideas when meeting new people, initiating new challenges in new places (Magee, 54). This way he can avoid being stereotyped about other cultures or companies. In addition, Ghosn says, This is extremely important in management. You must start with a clean sheet of paper because the worst thing you can have is prefabricated olutions You have to start with a zero base of thinking, cleaning everything out of your mind (Magee, 54). Therefore, he started from stopping by automotive design centers and manufacturing planes in Japan, Europe, and North America. He absorbed information from every other level of employees, and he actively participated in every meeting which added benefit of shortening the distance with others who didnt have good impression of him- le cost killer (Magee, 55). He used this information to picture and to chart in order to identify the problems that created a disjointed, unprofitable, and out of date brand. According to this information seeking of profit; focus more on chasing competitors than focus on customers needs; lack of cross-functional, cross-border, and intra-hierarchical lines of work in the company; nonsense of urgency; no vision; and no long team plan (Magee, 60). This was how Ghosn observed the problems. Yet, Nissan was trapped in Japanese business tradition called Keiretsu, which is business groups linked by shared values, business ties, and cross shareholding (Magee, 47). The characteristic of Keiretsu is that it has the cross-holding of stock; so this prevents the pressure of being taken over from foreign companies. This Keiretsu system functioned effectively for many years after the WWII when Japan had dramatic economy growth, but Nissan could not keep up with the increased cost due to the Keiretsu (Magee, 48). Nissan had to buy the parts from Keiretsu even though those suppliers had to raise the prices. The business culture, Keiretsu which had become the weaknesses of company, had to be fixed fast even though these werent easy to come up with solutions. How did Ghosn, non-Japanese, break the business tradition of Nissan and approached to these problems? Structuring the CFTs (Cross-functional Teams) played a big role in approaching Nissans problems since Nissan required immediate change and Ghosn knew that problems could be solved from inside the company. He also knew that revitalizing the sprit of the company from inside out would bring Nissan quick and good results (Magee, 66). Furthermore, he had proven through his career that CFTs worked and was useful not only to rescue such company but also to gain long lasting profit. Ghosn made the decision to form nine cross-functional teams, consisting of approximately nine to ten members each. The members were chose mostly from Nissans middle managers corps, and a group of employees with specific line responsibilities. The members also selected from different operational regions including North America, Europe, and general overseas markets, breaking functional and cultural barriers (Magee, 69). The way of forming CFTs from different disciplines with common ground (example: purchasing and engineering) gave the teams not only the ability to discuss varieties of problems from different point of views but also the ability to prevent one opinion from monopolizing the each team decisions (Magee, 69). In addition, keeping each team within nine people encouraged the team to come with rapid and effective solutions. Even though CFTs were seemed awkward at Nissan at first considering Japanese tradition is that executives meet with executives, and they rarely discuss the problems with workers at lower levels, Ghosn knew eliminating the tradition would help Nissan come up with better solutions (Magee, 70). In short, the CFTs were structures so that members could access to all other teams information within the company but the each team was told to make sure time was spent identifying and finding answers to problems by the deadline (Magee, 71). Nissan Cross-Functional Teams Overview. CFT Composition Leaders Two leaders are selected from top executive ranks representing different isciplines with common ground (example+ purchasing and engineering). Leaders team (Magee, 72). Pilots Hand-chosen by top management, pilots are responsible for keeping each team on task through agenda, research, and dialogue (Magee 72). Members Middle managers (typically nine) are selected on criteria based on areas of focus and leadership qualities (Magee, 72). Subteams Composed of CFT team members and other company managers selected by the CFT team, subteams are charged with exposing specific issues with more depth (Magee, 72). CFT Guidelines Nothing is off limits to discuss and explore. Teams are not to be hindered by raditions or avoid sensitive corporate issues. Teams can also look into any aspect of company operations. Teams should come up with ambitious yet realistic ideas (Magee, 72). Teams have no decision-making power; they can only make recommendations to the executive committee (Magee, 72). Having specific visions was indispensable for Nissan to revive. It was October 1999 when Ghosn announced his Nissan Revival Plan (NRP) to the world. Here are some of the Highlights of the NRP highlights included: costs by 1 trillion yen Cut number of parts and materials suppliers in half Reduce operating Reduce net debt orm 1. 4 trillion yen to less than 700 billion yen by FY 2002 (a reduction of $6 billion after the capital injection by Renault) Create new product investment and rollout, including launching of twenty-two new models by 2002 Reduce global head count by 21,000 Reduce number of vehicle assembly plants in Japan from seven to four. Reduce number of manufacturing platforms in Japan from twenty-four to fifteen (Magee, 85). Ђ Renewed emphasis on improved model design (Shiro Nakamura was introduced as Nissans head of design) and reduced lead time getting a car to market. Simplified management structure Ђ Performance-based compensation and advancement programs for Employee bonuses linked to global results (Magee, 94). The management significant cost reduction was his primary objective in order to make Nissan profit able. However, to make Nissan profitable again, which Ghosn said the reduction would have to make for Nissan to achieve a consolidated operating profit of 4. percent or more by FY2002, would not happen without closing significant numbers of Nissan Japanese manufacturing operations (Magee, 86). In fact, Nissan had given away $1,000 for every car it sold and the purchasing costs were 15% to 25% higher at Nissan than Renault (Ghosn, 37). Ghosn aimed to reduce one trillion yen in costs in three major areas global purchasing (breaking up Keiretsu and asking for concessions from all suppliers): manufacturing; and administrative costs (Magee, 86). 21,000 Jobs were to be eliminated in the world that included 16,000 in Japan. This made much sense because Nissans annual production of 1. 28 million vehicles was only 53% percent of manufacturing capacity utilization. NRP made it clear to reduce the capacity by 30 percent which expected to raise utilization rate to 83 percent by RY2002 (Magee, 86). Moreover, Ghosn had cut Keiretsu relationships with cost. Therefore, he decided on his NPR to cut the numbers of material and parts suppliers by half from 1,100 to 600 or few by the end of 2002. The cutting the numbers of suppliers promoted the purchasing to be centralized and globalized (Magee, 88). The decision to cut Keiretsu was extremely tough, but Ghosn promised to suppliers if they helped Nissan meet the new objectives which was to reduce the cost, these suppliers would be rewarded with more business (Magee, 88). Nissan attacked the NRP so aggressively that not only its goal was reached one year earlier han Nissan expected, but also Nissan reached it with record profit (Magee, 143). Changing within Nissan was even tougher because Carlos Ghosn was trying to go to against Japanese business traditions. Since in Japan the hierarchy used to be admired, Nissan was still going with the traditions. He thought this has to be change to go global company. Here are some changes for recourse under NPR. Seniority was eliminated as a means of company advancement Senior executive positions found to be redundant in the global structure were consolidated Compensation schemes were revamped to reflect higher pay based on strong performance Bonus pay was tied to the NRPs success for all employees Frivolous expense accounts were eliminated (Magee, 127). At the beginning promoting younger employees caused some minor problems because Nissan like other Japanese companies, previously paid its employees based on tenure and age. However, Ghosn didnt stop there, rather he launched a new plan; NISSAN 180. Now that it became clear that struggling Nissan had been transformed into a good company; Nissan tried to become a great company through NISSAN 180. Its target was to increase sales growth to one million more units sold, higher operating margin y 8 percent, and zero net automotive debt all within three years which was by the end of fiscal year 2004 (Magee, 164). Through NISSAN 180, Ghosn created Value-up Program (V-up) which functioned similar to CFTs. V-ups purpose was to offer continuous process improvement and field-level problem solution. In this way problems could be solved in a short period of time (Magee, 206). Even though the new plan was more aggressive than NRP, all objectives came from data that Ghosn gathered from each CFT and precisely evaluated to make it achievable. According to Shiro Tom, a senior vice president in Japan, he summed Ghosns style this way: make he objectives high, yet achievable; make all roles and levels of responsibility clear; makes with speed; checks on progress; evaluates results based on facts (Magee, 170). Eventually, NISSAN 180 was accomplished on September 30, 2005, while two plans; an operating profit margin of 8 percent; and zero net automotive debt were accomplished in the first year of the business plan (www. nissan. global. com). Refer for the key financial data and trend information on page 15, 16, and 17. Now the Nissan has a big project on going. Nissan has been developing the Zero Emission Vehicle, ZEV, to sell on the market near in April. With this new technology, Nissan will be the first car manufacture company to introduce the ZEV in the world. The fact that Carolos Ghosn has developed the ZEV tells the entire world that Nissan is not only famous for its technology and innovative products, but it also showing that Nissan cares for the environment. This has become a nice marketing both for possible customers and also government. In June 23, 2009, the U. S. Department of energy has manufacturing plant to produce zero-emission vehicles and state-of-the art lithium- ion battery packs to power them. This is one of the loans among three under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, which the loan total is $25 billion. The loan will help Nissan to produce electric vehicles, which emit no gas and are powered only by electricity. This loan, in fact, will help both Nissan and entire United States because it will expands the plants and they will be required to hire more employees. This is great opportunity for America when the economic condition is in recession. Portland General Electric in Oregon is now committed to promote the development of networking the recharging stations. Carlos Ghosn had to e the first to take all these advantages to initiate the ZEV. Ghosn has played a tremendous role in the Nissan revival. Emil Hassan, who is a top Nissan North America executive, says Maybe only Carlos Ghosn could have saved Nissan at that every moment in 1999 (Magee, 227). Through Nissan Revival Plan, Nissan has restored hope, profit, and confidence in the company. In addition, NISSAN 180 has created lasting profitable growth, set the company above competitors in terms of profit margins, and regain consumer satisfaction. Nissan has become a company that is able to compete in the global bases. Yet, Nissan will keep on growing. While the oil price has been increased and the importance of hybrid cars has been emphasized these days, Nissan has reached to an agreement with Toyota to tie-up on the hybrid technologies recently which also is expected to contribute long term profitability (nissanglobal. com). In addition, Nissan has been negotiating for alliance with 6M, which if they reach to an agreement, Nissan will become the largest auto maker in the world, and they will find the way to benefit from Joint synergies and share ideas at all levels, Just like Nissan made a complete urnaround by Joining with Renault.