Nissan free essay sample

Rescuing Nissan from Crisis Running a business successfully can be difficult if we do not know how to manage the entire company. When it is a small business, it is relatively easier to find the problems, and the earlier the problems were found, the easier to fix them. However, when it comes to a big company, it becomes harder to see problems because they usually take time to rise to the surface. Therefore, by the time we find out what is wrong, it can be too late to fix them. The company can lose a lot of money, and at the worst, it can go bankrupt. Nissan, which is the third largest car anufacturing company in Japan, was about going bankrupt in 1999. Nissan once sold one-third of all vehicles in Japan, and in 1975s foreign automakers regarded Nissan as No. l imported car in North America (Magee, 44). However, its debt has risen up to $22 billion in 1999. In fact, Nissans domestic market share, which peaked at 34 percent in 1974, declined to below 19 percent in 1999. Nissans global market share declined from 6. 6 percent in 1991 to 4. 9 percent in 1999, eight-year period in which the company had Just one profitable year (Magee, 44). How could uch a successful company, which has been in car industry for over 73 years, become to be about bankrupt? And, how could Nissan revive? In 1999, Nissan seemed that they only had a few choices to survive, either get help from the Japanese government or get help from foreign automakers. In 1999 Nissan chose to Join hands with a foreign company, Renault, which had first lost 1 billion in ten years in 1996, and was about to divested the majority ownership by the French government (Magee, 32). This didnt seem to be a good candidate for Nissan for alliance. Although the alliance between Nissan and Renault seemed that Nissan was aking useless effort, the alliance actually has been successful, because a man, now President and CEO of Nissan, has been playing a big role in Nissan revival restoring confidence in the company, hope, and profit. The alliance between Nissan and Renault appeared to be meaningless because Renault did not seem to be the proper company to rescue Nissan. Even though Renault reported deficit of 12. billion in 1984, and became profitable again by 1997 after Ghosn was in charge, no one thought that Renault could help Nissan (Magee, 34). Since Nissan was negotiating with Daimler Chrysler and also Ford, which two ompanies were much larger companies therefore had more resources to rescue Nissan, Renault even looked powerless and unsuitable for company to ally with (Magee 37). In fact, when Renault purchased 35 percent of equity stake, which resulted in injecti ng $35 billion to get some control of Nissan it was clear that it was not enough to cover $22 billion deficit at all (http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/renault). Even after Renault invested more, the debt amounted to more than $11 billion (Harvard Business Review, Carlos Ghosn 38). Yet, while people regarded the alliance between Nissan and Renault meaningless, both companies had different points of iews from others. The alliance between Nissan and Renault actually was beneficial for both companies since the capability of two companies were complemental. Nissan had Therefore, Ghosn assumed that Nissans problems were in management. On the other hand, Renault was known for its innovative design. In addition, Renault wanted to advance on outside of Europe, so that it made more sense to unite with Nissan than to unite with European companies. Furthermore, Renault was afraid of putting the company in a position where they could lose the majority of control over company f they would unite with other bigger and stronger companies (Magee, 36). In short, ones weakness was ones strength and vice versa. Eventually, after one year of negotiation, and Daimler Chrysler pulled out of negotiation on March 11, 1999, only choice left for Nissan was Renault. Schweitzer, CEO of Renault, and Hanawa, CEO of Nissan signed the paper on March 27, 1999, when Nissans bonds status was about to be reduced to Junk bonds (Magee, 41). This was how much Nissan was in danger. However, Schweitzer did not try to take over Nissan like Daimler Chrysler tried to do; herefore, consequently the alliance failed, rather he tried to keep both companys identities. Moreover, instead of expecting profits from merge right away, he expected the favor to be returned in the future when Nissan would become profitable again. The fact that Renault had leaned from the fail of merger between Volvo also led the alliance to be successful (Magee, 42). It was in March of 1999 when Carlos Ghosn was asked by Lois Schweitzer to go Japan for Nissan revival. Carlos Ghosn was natural candidate when we consider what he had done in his career. He is the CEO of Michelin and is also Executive Vice President and CEO in Renault (www. kantei. go. Jp/Jp/m. magzine/). Ghosn was assigned to be Nissans chief operating officer in 1999, which all final decision was his. Ghosn says It is different when you are the one making the final decision (Magee, 10). At this point, he had to face two challenges. One was the business challenge and the cultural challenge was the other because Japanese business culture tends to be shut to outsiders. Since Nissans problems seemed to be in management, the massive change was indispensable. However, how did Ghosn initiate to reform such a huge company? It is important to start from nothing when one tries to make changes in a foreign company. When Ghosn arrived in Nissan, he didnt come with the solutions. He only had general ideas of how deep the Nissan was in danger. He strongly believed that it was important to abandon the mind of any preconceived notions and ideas when meeting new people, initiating new challenges in new places (Magee, 54). This way he can avoid being stereotyped about other cultures or companies. In addition, Ghosn says, This is extremely important in management. You must start with a clean sheet of paper because the worst thing you can have is prefabricated olutions You have to start with a zero base of thinking, cleaning everything out of your mind (Magee, 54). Therefore, he started from stopping by automotive design centers and manufacturing planes in Japan, Europe, and North America. He absorbed information from every other level of employees, and he actively participated in every meeting which added benefit of shortening the distance with others who didnt have good impression of him- le cost killer (Magee, 55). He used this information to picture and to chart in order to identify the problems that created a disjointed, unprofitable, and out of date brand. According to this information seeking of profit; focus more on chasing competitors than focus on customers needs; lack of cross-functional, cross-border, and intra-hierarchical lines of work in the company; nonsense of urgency; no vision; and no long team plan (Magee, 60). This was how Ghosn observed the problems. Yet, Nissan was trapped in Japanese business tradition called Keiretsu, which is business groups linked by shared values, business ties, and cross shareholding (Magee, 47). The characteristic of Keiretsu is that it has the cross-holding of stock; so this prevents the pressure of being taken over from foreign companies. This Keiretsu system functioned effectively for many years after the WWII when Japan had dramatic economy growth, but Nissan could not keep up with the increased cost due to the Keiretsu (Magee, 48). Nissan had to buy the parts from Keiretsu even though those suppliers had to raise the prices. The business culture, Keiretsu which had become the weaknesses of company, had to be fixed fast even though these werent easy to come up with solutions. How did Ghosn, non-Japanese, break the business tradition of Nissan and approached to these problems? Structuring the CFTs (Cross-functional Teams) played a big role in approaching Nissans problems since Nissan required immediate change and Ghosn knew that problems could be solved from inside the company. He also knew that revitalizing the sprit of the company from inside out would bring Nissan quick and good results (Magee, 66). Furthermore, he had proven through his career that CFTs worked and was useful not only to rescue such company but also to gain long lasting profit. Ghosn made the decision to form nine cross-functional teams, consisting of approximately nine to ten members each. The members were chose mostly from Nissans middle managers corps, and a group of employees with specific line responsibilities. The members also selected from different operational regions including North America, Europe, and general overseas markets, breaking functional and cultural barriers (Magee, 69). The way of forming CFTs from different disciplines with common ground (example: purchasing and engineering) gave the teams not only the ability to discuss varieties of problems from different point of views but also the ability to prevent one opinion from monopolizing the each team decisions (Magee, 69). In addition, keeping each team within nine people encouraged the team to come with rapid and effective solutions. Even though CFTs were seemed awkward at Nissan at first considering Japanese tradition is that executives meet with executives, and they rarely discuss the problems with workers at lower levels, Ghosn knew eliminating the tradition would help Nissan come up with better solutions (Magee, 70). In short, the CFTs were structures so that members could access to all other teams information within the company but the each team was told to make sure time was spent identifying and finding answers to problems by the deadline (Magee, 71). Nissan Cross-Functional Teams Overview. CFT Composition Leaders Two leaders are selected from top executive ranks representing different isciplines with common ground (example+ purchasing and engineering). Leaders team (Magee, 72). Pilots Hand-chosen by top management, pilots are responsible for keeping each team on task through agenda, research, and dialogue (Magee 72). Members Middle managers (typically nine) are selected on criteria based on areas of focus and leadership qualities (Magee, 72). Subteams Composed of CFT team members and other company managers selected by the CFT team, subteams are charged with exposing specific issues with more depth (Magee, 72). CFT Guidelines Nothing is off limits to discuss and explore. Teams are not to be hindered by raditions or avoid sensitive corporate issues. Teams can also look into any aspect of company operations. Teams should come up with ambitious yet realistic ideas (Magee, 72). Teams have no decision-making power; they can only make recommendations to the executive committee (Magee, 72). Having specific visions was indispensable for Nissan to revive. It was October 1999 when Ghosn announced his Nissan Revival Plan (NRP) to the world. Here are some of the Highlights of the NRP highlights included: costs by 1 trillion yen Cut number of parts and materials suppliers in half Reduce operating Reduce net debt orm 1. 4 trillion yen to less than 700 billion yen by FY 2002 (a reduction of $6 billion after the capital injection by Renault) Create new product investment and rollout, including launching of twenty-two new models by 2002 Reduce global head count by 21,000 Reduce number of vehicle assembly plants in Japan from seven to four. Reduce number of manufacturing platforms in Japan from twenty-four to fifteen (Magee, 85). Ђ Renewed emphasis on improved model design (Shiro Nakamura was introduced as Nissans head of design) and reduced lead time getting a car to market. Simplified management structure Ђ Performance-based compensation and advancement programs for Employee bonuses linked to global results (Magee, 94). The management significant cost reduction was his primary objective in order to make Nissan profit able. However, to make Nissan profitable again, which Ghosn said the reduction would have to make for Nissan to achieve a consolidated operating profit of 4. percent or more by FY2002, would not happen without closing significant numbers of Nissan Japanese manufacturing operations (Magee, 86). In fact, Nissan had given away $1,000 for every car it sold and the purchasing costs were 15% to 25% higher at Nissan than Renault (Ghosn, 37). Ghosn aimed to reduce one trillion yen in costs in three major areas global purchasing (breaking up Keiretsu and asking for concessions from all suppliers): manufacturing; and administrative costs (Magee, 86). 21,000 Jobs were to be eliminated in the world that included 16,000 in Japan. This made much sense because Nissans annual production of 1. 28 million vehicles was only 53% percent of manufacturing capacity utilization. NRP made it clear to reduce the capacity by 30 percent which expected to raise utilization rate to 83 percent by RY2002 (Magee, 86). Moreover, Ghosn had cut Keiretsu relationships with cost. Therefore, he decided on his NPR to cut the numbers of material and parts suppliers by half from 1,100 to 600 or few by the end of 2002. The cutting the numbers of suppliers promoted the purchasing to be centralized and globalized (Magee, 88). The decision to cut Keiretsu was extremely tough, but Ghosn promised to suppliers if they helped Nissan meet the new objectives which was to reduce the cost, these suppliers would be rewarded with more business (Magee, 88). Nissan attacked the NRP so aggressively that not only its goal was reached one year earlier han Nissan expected, but also Nissan reached it with record profit (Magee, 143). Changing within Nissan was even tougher because Carlos Ghosn was trying to go to against Japanese business traditions. Since in Japan the hierarchy used to be admired, Nissan was still going with the traditions. He thought this has to be change to go global company. Here are some changes for recourse under NPR. Seniority was eliminated as a means of company advancement Senior executive positions found to be redundant in the global structure were consolidated Compensation schemes were revamped to reflect higher pay based on strong performance Bonus pay was tied to the NRPs success for all employees Frivolous expense accounts were eliminated (Magee, 127). At the beginning promoting younger employees caused some minor problems because Nissan like other Japanese companies, previously paid its employees based on tenure and age. However, Ghosn didnt stop there, rather he launched a new plan; NISSAN 180. Now that it became clear that struggling Nissan had been transformed into a good company; Nissan tried to become a great company through NISSAN 180. Its target was to increase sales growth to one million more units sold, higher operating margin y 8 percent, and zero net automotive debt all within three years which was by the end of fiscal year 2004 (Magee, 164). Through NISSAN 180, Ghosn created Value-up Program (V-up) which functioned similar to CFTs. V-ups purpose was to offer continuous process improvement and field-level problem solution. In this way problems could be solved in a short period of time (Magee, 206). Even though the new plan was more aggressive than NRP, all objectives came from data that Ghosn gathered from each CFT and precisely evaluated to make it achievable. According to Shiro Tom, a senior vice president in Japan, he summed Ghosns style this way: make he objectives high, yet achievable; make all roles and levels of responsibility clear; makes with speed; checks on progress; evaluates results based on facts (Magee, 170). Eventually, NISSAN 180 was accomplished on September 30, 2005, while two plans; an operating profit margin of 8 percent; and zero net automotive debt were accomplished in the first year of the business plan (www. nissan. global. com). Refer for the key financial data and trend information on page 15, 16, and 17. Now the Nissan has a big project on going. Nissan has been developing the Zero Emission Vehicle, ZEV, to sell on the market near in April. With this new technology, Nissan will be the first car manufacture company to introduce the ZEV in the world. The fact that Carolos Ghosn has developed the ZEV tells the entire world that Nissan is not only famous for its technology and innovative products, but it also showing that Nissan cares for the environment. This has become a nice marketing both for possible customers and also government. In June 23, 2009, the U. S. Department of energy has manufacturing plant to produce zero-emission vehicles and state-of-the art lithium- ion battery packs to power them. This is one of the loans among three under the Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program, which the loan total is $25 billion. The loan will help Nissan to produce electric vehicles, which emit no gas and are powered only by electricity. This loan, in fact, will help both Nissan and entire United States because it will expands the plants and they will be required to hire more employees. This is great opportunity for America when the economic condition is in recession. Portland General Electric in Oregon is now committed to promote the development of networking the recharging stations. Carlos Ghosn had to e the first to take all these advantages to initiate the ZEV. Ghosn has played a tremendous role in the Nissan revival. Emil Hassan, who is a top Nissan North America executive, says Maybe only Carlos Ghosn could have saved Nissan at that every moment in 1999 (Magee, 227). Through Nissan Revival Plan, Nissan has restored hope, profit, and confidence in the company. In addition, NISSAN 180 has created lasting profitable growth, set the company above competitors in terms of profit margins, and regain consumer satisfaction. Nissan has become a company that is able to compete in the global bases. Yet, Nissan will keep on growing. While the oil price has been increased and the importance of hybrid cars has been emphasized these days, Nissan has reached to an agreement with Toyota to tie-up on the hybrid technologies recently which also is expected to contribute long term profitability (nissanglobal. com). In addition, Nissan has been negotiating for alliance with 6M, which if they reach to an agreement, Nissan will become the largest auto maker in the world, and they will find the way to benefit from Joint synergies and share ideas at all levels, Just like Nissan made a complete urnaround by Joining with Renault.

What to Expect From Ielts Writing Essay Samples?

What to Expect From Ielts Writing Essay Samples? What Ielts Writing Essay Samples Is - and What it Is Not Therefore, the expression, marry for money appears to be appropriate, in some degree, at least. Hence, it's said, marry for money is right in a point. A financial support from the government will surely be a huge support, a component which may swing the decision for a great deal of people. It's hard for any persons to accept a partner that does not have money or no less than a job to look after future family. Gossip, Lies and Ielts Writing Essay Samples The voices of the smaller people that have been hushed previously now locate an outlet. The very first rationale is that the literature of their house country could be too boring, making learning extremely frustrating. On the flip side, there are strong reasons why social life ought to be developed beyond the workplace. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you find yourself getting a great grade . The Nuiances of Ielts Writing Essay Samples You might also have to talk about different aspects of an issue and then outline your ideas for solving it. The thesis will often fall into 4 unique categories or claims. There are then more lessons on these pages for various forms of essay and unique questions, with a lot of suggestions and strategies for achieving a high score. There are then model answers on these pages for different sorts of. Young men and women who don't have qualifications from a university or college isn't going to have the ability to compete. The point is that someone with a wide ranging vocabulary ought to be in a position to speak about any of the typical essay topics easily using words that are particular to that topic. Thus job prospects are quite important. You've got a great deal of research to do. There are a number of ways to compose the introduction to an essay. Hopefully now you'll have plenty of suggestions for your essay. Therefore don't get intimidated if you believe you cannot write such essays. Though the essay questions change, the topic of the essays often stays the same. For instance, you could be requested to present your opinion on an issue, and after that talk about the advantages or disadvantages of it. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. Listed here are various ways to support your argument. Talk about the benefits of both methods and provide your own opinion. The majority of the questions are on current topics, therefore staying current with what's going on in the world will truly help you think of ideas. The template may also be useful in gathering your ideas and knowing where your ideas ought to take place. You will obviously not have the capability to predict the specific topic that will come up. To begin however, one has to begin with finding an excellent topic. The Ielts Writing Essay Samples Cover Up Before writing the TOEFL essay, you need to be able to spot the essay kind and pick the right essay pattern. There are two primary means by which you can use the most frequent IELTS essay topics to your benefit. It is crucial to learn about IELTS essays since there are different essay types, and these will call for various ways to answer them. These IELTS sample essays are categorised in a manner that makes it simple for you to observe how certain essay question types ask you to supply certain responses to be sure the question is completely answered. Reading can genuinely help you a whole lot in improving your writing abilities. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. What You Need to Do About Ielts Writing Essay Samples Before You Miss Your Chance Effective paragraphs are important in all sorts of writing. There are several different types of written assignments that. Take advantage of these pages to learn about common forms of writing assignments. A university-level History essay could be defined as a protracted argument supported. The following are a few of the different sorts of analytical essays. For more data on the most typical topics, please visit my most frequent topics page.

Expository Essay Topics For High School Students

Expository Essay Topics For High School StudentsExpository essays and sample essays provide examples of the types of topics that you can present in your expository essay. However, a lot of students will find it challenging to prepare topics for the exams.They might think that what they need is a sample essay in order to give them an idea about how to write one. But remember that when it comes to studying the topic, the actual essay needs to be written carefully. By giving you a brief outline of the topic, you can better decide on what kind of topics you want to have in your essay.You should be prepared with different topics before you decide on what to write. It is important that you know how to analyze and match topics to your essay.By providing you a few sample essays, you can get an idea of what kinds of topics will suit your essay. Your target audience will tell you what topics to focus on. In case they do not say anything, you can go for some neutral topics to make your essay in teresting. And since your topic is neutral, it is more likely to have a wide readership.If you are unsure which possible topics you can use in your essay, you can look for reference books or blogs. If you just do a simple internet search, you will find many possibilities. You should think about the topic first, then think about the best topic to present, and finally try to consider the easiest way to write the essay.Researching is a difficult task. So instead of searching for your material from random sources, you should find something you like the most. You can even ask your teachers for help or talk to someone you know who has a writing style that you really admire. It is easy to learn and in fact much easier than you would think. After all, there are no authors who put all the samples and information online. Therefore, you can find out more by finding the right sites.

Essay Topics - How To Choose Your Topic

Essay Topics - How To Choose Your TopicAn essay topic can be a crucial part of the writing process for a student hoping to find a college major or an employee hoping to be promoted. Every candidate for a job will first be evaluated based on his or her qualifications and what they have achieved thus far in their career. It is not uncommon to run into students or employers alike who want to know how much success they have had, or whether they are interested in a job change or a higher pay level.Although there are several essay topics that could be applied, selecting the right one can prove to be difficult. This is where your research on the topic comes in.Although you will be able to find many websites offering advice on the right topic for you, you will need to be more specific. Ask friends, ask other graduates and research the internet for advice on the topic. The more information you gather, the better prepared you will be to decide on your topic.If you do not know of anyone else wh o has successfully used the subject of your choice for an essay topic, ask them and see if they can give you some hints or advice on the topic you want to use. Other professionals you may ask for advice on topics include teachers, guidance counselors, teachers or professors, counselors, mentors or counselors and the Internet.There are some general advice and some that have to do with specific situations. If you find that the topic that interests you is too broad, it may be that you should consider focusing on a single topic that may be more focused in some area that is important to you.Most students are also familiar with the concept of combining your essay topics, which would provide you with a way to keep the message succinct yet informative. Asking for professional guidance is a wise idea, but you will not be able to find the ideal topic on your own.By taking advantage of the many resources out there, you will soon find that you can find the perfect essay topics for yourself. Kno wing the number of essays to write, the topics to focus on and the ways to combine these topics into a cohesive argument makes for easy work when putting together a good article or essay.

Writing a Winning Private School Admission Essay

Writing a Winning Private School Admission EssayA sample private school admission essay is one of the most important parts of the admissions process for any high school student. Whether you're applying to a private, charter, or public school, your essay must reflect your personal qualities and experiences that will help you succeed in this competitive environment. In fact, this one document will play a major role in the admissions decision-making process. The following are five tips for creating a winning private school essay.Write from your own experience- Many high school students think that writing an essay is something that's done only by their English classes. You've likely heard the saying, 'writing is rewriting,' but it's true! Instead of assuming that everyone who writes a college admissions essay will have the same story, you should use your own personal experiences to create a new idea.Use topics related to your school- Every school has certain interests that relate to the curriculum, values, and philosophies that are held by the school. If you want to demonstrate your values and interests that are important to you, include your school's mission statement, core curriculum, courses, and activities. Make sure that these are relevant to your school and your own experiences.Focus on your strengths- Instead of using a generic essay that focuses on your weaknesses, highlight your strengths. Let your writer know what traits and qualities you have that you feel represent who you are as a person. It's okay to focus on what you like best about your school, but do make sure to explain why these qualities are important to you. Be sure to also talk about how these qualities make you unique and special.Describe your school in one sentence- College admission essays need to be concise and to the point. Don't let your writer write so many pages for you without you knowing what is happening on the page. Just highlight your school's most compelling aspect so that the re ader can easily follow the rest of the essay.Personalize your essay- Be sure to emphasize your personality and writing style in your essay. You want your essay to sound like you, not some average person. Your writer needs to know that he or she is writing about you, not someone else. By writing in your own voice, you will be able to show that you are not someone they will automatically read as 'typical.'Use these tips for writing a winning high school admissions essay and you'll shine in this competitive situation. Get started today! Make sure that you take your time and organize your ideas in order to produce a fully-organized essay that reflects your talents and your personal style.

The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks

Historical Overview Wikileaks appeared in 2006 and people often describe it as a nongovernmental organization, made of various global classified media, most of which bear anonymous identities. However, the initial facilitators of wikileaks are self-proclaimed Chinese nonconformists assisted by various parties from five different continents, who had personal reasons for supply of questionably deficient information through distribution millions of documents from various countries globally.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Miller-Jones (17, 2010), by January 2010, wikileaks was made up of five permanent employees and approximately eight hundred different volunteers from different countries worldwide. The identities of majority of these wikileaks volunteers are still anonymous. Existence of Wikileaks Tracing the existence of Wikileaks indicates that this is a strong organization made of various resourceful people from various locations globally. In line with reports from Star of New York Times (1, 2011), the Wikileaks was co-founded by Julian Assange and his attorney Jennifer Robinson. Julian Assange is a fugitive in United Kingdom of Australian origin with various warrants of arrests from different countries placed against him for sex-related crimes (Radermecker and Guichaoua, 5, 2011). A Stockholm court wants him for charges involving suspicion of rape, illegal intimidation and other sexual assaults. In 30th November 2010, he was placed among the top wanted suspects on the INTERPOL list for sexual-related crimes. Organized Crime Agencies from UK placed requests to Sweden, who acted in accordance with the appeal and followed suit to issue a warrant of arrest (Radermecker and Guichaoua, 5, 2011). Close analysis of a case filed under office of Australia’s Attorney General against Julian Assang e, authorities still indicate high possibilities of cancelling his passport and charging him for bleaching criminal laws by releasing unsubstantiated information through the US diplomatic cables. Wikileaks Registration Wikileaks is rightfully registered to John Shipton, Kristinn Hrafnsson is Wikileaks spokes person. Jacob Appelbaum, an IT specialist and a media consultant in U.S., also has a very close connection to Wikileaks. Although the status of Kristinn and Jacob are not certain, the five permanent employees of Wikileaks are arguably, Julian Assange, his attorney Jennifer Robinson, John Shipton, Kristinn Hrafnsson and Jacob Appelbaum.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization has very strong volunteers including Theodar Reppe the host of wakipedia.de who is also a media consultant in U.S. James Ball and Jennifer 8. Lee identified as U.S. nationals, fre elance journalists as well as media consultants. David House and Daniel Mathews are also U.S nationals who volunteer to the organization and are both freelance journalists (Domscheit-Berg, 2, 2011). Wikileaks Capabilities According to Miller-Jones (29, 2010), contributions and support of specialist like Glenn Greenwald are very strong such that their refrain from the organization would easily lead to the collapse of Wikileaks. Both the employees and top volunteers of Wikileaks are strong professionals who have some form of liberal minds but who can easily change exploits to preserve their professionalism over fame and personal reasons. Wikileaks uses various global web hosts such as the famous PeRiQuito abbreviated PRQ server in Sweden owned by Pirate Bay co-founders, the Amazon of the U.S. and OVH of France hosting its focal site on IP address 088.080.013.160. Despite this global publicity, Wikileaks still boasts as untraceable or undistinguishable system with massive sources of gl obal information leaks. The main repository for the documents is in Sweden under the PRQ web host indentified through 088.080.002.032 address. Various global volunteers have private ownership of other Wikileaks’ domains or sub-domains. The main mirror site of Wikileaks exists in Switzerland hosted by the ImproWare AG web host addressed 087.102.255.157. The recent disconnection of Wikileaks from Amazon web server a U.S. company has forced them to depend on services of Bahnhof AB web host based in Sweden, whose location is literally â€Å"A cold War bomb shelter† as shown in the picture below (Leigh and Harding, 4, 2011). Immediate transfer from the Amazon host in U.S to Bahnhof AB web host is an indication that those managing Wikileaks are determined and conscious of its undertakings and is ready to protect its anonymous identity especially of the volunteers by constantly shifting its host internationally. Wikileaks Survival Tactics Wikileaks is able to conceal its ide ntity by incorporating its activities in various global incorporations. Their listing is also under various countries’ registered firms who provide full protection under different laws. According to reports from Star (1, 2011), some of the known firms include â€Å"an Australian based library, a newspaper print based in Sweden, a France foundation, and two anonymous tax exempted non-profit making organization based in United States.† The Wikileaks founders and managers also ensure protection by choosing safe and significant places where laws are protective enough, for instance the recent releases occurred from Iceland where laws on freedom of speech are extremely protective.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wikileaks Strengths and Weaknesses The ability to maintain a wide range of volunteers submitting information w ithout any form of coordination or supervision means that there are enough supplies of leaks. Wikileaks also have a wide infrastructure made of many organizations who willing submit information. This is an indication that it is very hard or pointless for governments to bother in stopping the distribution of information. Once a web host is shut down, they are able to get a new host immediately and continue supplying information. Contrary, Wikileaks is not financially stable various governments are able to collaboratively block some sources of fund from supporters. People are fearful of possible security attacks when they submit information to the known Wikileaks servers such as the Sweden server. There are high doubts and fear among volunteers over the issues of personal security when communicating with Wikileaks, probably the reason why many volunteers are refraining from its activities since the exposure. The exposure of founder Julian Assange has also fractured the organization si nce he is implicated in various sexual-related crimes and many people would not wish to be associated with him, to avoid negative impressions. Julian has also formed a form of attack to the U.S. government by selectively releasing demurring information about the government (Radermecker and Guichaoua, 5, 2011). The high publicity that Wikileaks is receiving is not a good since the information attack on various organizations and governments may generate pressure for a counter-attack. Governments are failing to stop the leaks of information because they lack enough time to come up with the appropriate infrastructure that can support this form of highly dynamic network. Wikileaks threats require some comprehensive scrutiny of information and implementation of capable infrastructure as well as expertise to counter cyber threats, frauds, and have skills of analyzing the destiny and sources of information and exploitation of the social form of media. Conclusion Wikileaks is made of a netwo rk of people with a mission of delivering a mass of document leaks. It is therefore not one person or an organization but a combination of social media made by people who are enthusiastic to persistently place threats. This means that even if the governments managed to put good investigative teams or agencies to shut down Wikileaks, the document supplies will continue and find other ways of protesting government acts. Various technology experts such as HBGary Federal agencies, Palantir and Berico expertise have been put in place to combat Wikileaks’ information releases, which is widely accused of lacking sufficient proof and proper editorial discretion policies.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Bibliography Domscheit-Berg, D. (2011). Inside WikiLeaks: My Time With Julian Assange at the ` World’s Most Dangerous Website. New York, NY: Crown Publishing Group. Leigh, D Harding L. (2011). WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange’s War on Secrecy. New York, NY: PublicAffairs Publishers. Miller-Jones, E.R. (2010). Wikileaks. Mauritius: Fastbook publishers. Radermecker, S Guichaoua, V. (2011). Julian Assange – WikiLeaks: Warrior for Truth. Montreal, Canada: Cogito Media Group. Star, A. (2011). Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War and American Diplomacy. New York, NY: New York Times Company. This research paper on The Nongovernmental Organization Wikileaks was written and submitted by user Garrett B. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Facades of Freedom essays

The Facades of Freedom essays There are multitudes of varying perceptions regarding the concept of freedom. Whether the freedom of the individual, of our nation or of the human race, there is a constant state of conflicting emotions in our country that date back to the colonial days. Just as the new settlers struggled to identify and trigger their ideas of freedom, so do Americans today. Nothing has stricken more personal chords throughout history than the struggle and debate over differing beliefs of freedom As this is a very complex area of discussion, many questions arose: Did our Founding Fathers subscribe to an idea of freedom that persists today? Or has our centrally controlled government converted our ancestors' guidelines of freedom to hold more power over the people? These are a few questions that many Americans face today, but through a philosophical view, questions surfaced on the freedom of the human race. Questions such as: Are we as humans capable of handling complete and ultimate freedom? Do we need some sort of guidelines and laws to sustain us as a race? And most importantly, are people ultimately afraid of true freedom? Following is an exploration of these questions. Webster's Dictionary defines freedom as the condition of being free of restraints. It also states that one should possess liberty from slavery, detention, and oppression. It states that freedom and liberty are virtually synonymous. In order to have complete freedom, people must have no restrictions on h ow they think, speak, or act. People are responsible for realizing what choices they have and must have the opportunity to act on those choices. Ultimately, to be free, people must not be controlled by anyone else. Yet, it is known that no organized society can actually provide all these conditions at all times. "Liberty too must be limited to be possessed" was expressed by Edmund Burke, a British philosopher. These limitations Burke spoke of arises the idea that in order to ha...